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Por que o Ocidente não foi atrás da energia nuclear russa

 Por que o Ocidente não foi atrás da energia nuclear russa


Grande parte das exportações de energia da Rússia foram atingidas por sanções ocidentais desde que o país lançou sua invasão em grande escala da Ucrânia, com uma notável exceção – a energia nuclear.


O monopólio estatal de energia nuclear da Rússia, Rosatom, que exporta e enriquece urânio, bem como constrói usinas nucleares em todo o mundo, está no controle da maior usina nuclear da Europa na região de Zaporizhzhia, na Ucrânia, desde que as forças russas a tomaram há um ano.


Kiev acusou as forças russas de transformar o complexo em uma base militar e usá-lo como cobertura para lançar ataques, sabendo que a Ucrânia não pode responder ao fogo sem correr o risco de atingir um dos reatores da usina. A Ucrânia também culpou a Rússia pelas explosões no local, inclusive no final do ano passado.


Petro Kotin, presidente interino da empresa de energia atômica da Ucrânia, Energoatom, está preocupado com a militarização da usina, mas também com uma redução significativa no número de pessoal qualificado no local. A assessoria de imprensa russa da fábrica disse à CNN que novos funcionários estão sendo recrutados, “o que garante [sua] operação segura”.


Se algo acontecer, o Energoatom “não pode intervir e realmente mitigar quaisquer consequências ou mitigar qualquer emergência” porque a Rússia controla o território, disse Kotin.


Apesar do que Kotin descreveu como o risco crescente de um erro ou violação dos protocolos de segurança na fábrica de Zaporizhzhia e repetidos apelos de Kiev por sanções à Rosatom, a empresa russa permanece praticamente ilesa, embora o Reino Unido tenha sancionado sua alta administração e várias subsidiárias. mês, e a Finlândia encerrou um acordo de usina de energia em maio passado.


Especialistas dizem que a Rosatom continua protegida pelo papel vital que desempenha na energia nuclear global e pelo fato de não poder ser facilmente substituída.


O problema é “uma boneca russa de dependências interligadas”, diz Paul Dorfman, presidente do Nuclear Consulting Group e consultor de longa data do governo do Reino Unido e da indústria nuclear.


Para começar, a Rosatom é um importante exportador de combustível nuclear. Em 2021, os Estados Unidos contavam com o monopólio nuclear russo para 14% do urânio que alimentava seus reatores nucleares. As concessionárias européias compraram quase um quinto de seu combustível nuclear da Rosatom. Segundo Dorfman, a União Europeia fez pouco progresso desde que se afastou da indústria nuclear russa.


A Rosatom também fornece serviços de enriquecimento, respondendo por 28% do que os Estados Unidos exigiram em 2021.


Construiu inúmeras usinas nucleares em todo o mundo e, em alguns casos, financiou sua construção. No final de 2021, quase uma em cada cinco usinas nucleares do mundo estava na Rússia ou foi construída na Rússia, e a Rosatom está construindo mais 15 fora da Rússia, de acordo com o Centro de Política Energética Global da Universidade de Columbia.


Kacper Szulecki, professor pesquisador do Instituto Norueguês de Assuntos Internacionais, diz que o custo de construção de uma usina nuclear é tão alto que só pode ser financiado pelos governos e, em alguns casos, nem eles podem arcar com isso. Nesses casos, a Rosatom frequentemente intervém, oferecendo linhas de crédito garantidas pelo governo russo e, em alguns casos, contratos de longo prazo para fornecer combustível ou até mesmo operar a usina.


Szulecki, co-autor de um artigo recente sobre a indústria nuclear da Rússia, diz que o mais extremo desses tipos de acordos é o modelo construir-próprio-operar. Foi usado pela primeira vez pela Rosatom com a usina de Akkuyu na Turquia, que a corporação está construindo, financiando totalmente e se comprometeu a operar por toda a sua vida útil.


Essa dependência pode superar outras considerações. Por exemplo, a Hungria tem sido o oponente mais vocal da União Europeia às sanções contra a Rosatom. É também um dos poucos países da UE que dependem da energia nuclear para mais de 40% de sua eletricidade e tem um acordo de financiamento de longo prazo com a Rosatom para construir uma usina nuclear.


Especialistas dizem que encontrar novos fornecedores para substituir a Rosatom na indústria nuclear global levaria anos.


Pode ser por isso que, longe de dissuadir futuros clientes, a ocupação da fábrica de Zaporizhzhia pela Rosatom coincidiu com o crescimento da receita externa da empresa. Seu diretor-geral, Aleksey Likhachev, disse ao jornal russo Izvestiya em dezembro que a receita no exterior estava a caminho de aumentar cerca de 15% em 2022 em comparação com 2021.


De sua parte, Kotin, da Energoatom, acredita que a Rosatom está mantendo o equipamento da fábrica tão mal que a ocupação russa pode causar danos irreversíveis.


Se continuar por mais um ano, “tenho certeza de que não poderemos reiniciar esta fábrica”, disse ele.


Os esforços diplomáticos para devolver o controle da usina à Ucrânia pararam, disse o ministro da Energia da Ucrânia, Herman Halushchenko, no fim de semana.


A Rússia acusou repetidamente a própria Ucrânia de bombardear a fábrica de Zaporizhzhia e, em um e-mail à CNN, o serviço de imprensa da Rosatom para a fábrica negou que haja equipamento militar pesado no local.

Rússia fecha gasoduto

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