Swimming with sharks in Australia

Swimming with sharks in Australia
As I climb into the steel cage, “my breath quickens,” said Carrie Miller in National Geographic Traveler. I am out on the ocean off South Australia, and a 17-foot-long great white shark is circling. I want to get in the water with her, of course; doing so was the whole purpose of my booking a four-day excursion with Rodney Fox Shark Expeditions. But while I’ve seen sharks in my dreams since childhood, I’ve never done anything like this. I’m not even a diver; I’m simply a fan of these “dragons” of the deep: “To me, sharks are everything that is wild, untamed, and unpredictable about the world.” I yearn to see one eye to eye.

A great white eyes thrill seekers in the Princess II’s cage

Moments later, I am 7 feet underwater, and the shark is nowhere in sight. I hear only my own breathing as I draw air from a regulator attached to the Princess II. “Then the back of my neck begins to prickle,” and “I slowly turn.” Six inches from my stomach looms the nose of a 1.5-ton great white. I shoot backward to the other side of the cage as she drops a fin and banks away. I’m on my knees trembling by the time she circles back. This time, “our eyes meet, and I feel a thrill of awe and terror.” Her eye “is not the dead matte black from the movies but brown, with a lively blue ring around the outside.”

Should tourists be experiencing such thrills? The practices of research boats like Rodney Fox’s are “a particularly touchy subject” in Port Lincoln, the excursion’s departure point and a city greatly enriched by the lucrative bluefin tuna industry. Many locals know at least one person killed by a shark. They worry that research boats that use ground-up fish as bait get sharks accustomed to approaching boats, increasing hazards for both species. But the research helps scientists fend off threats to the sharks and to the critical role they play as the ocean’s alpha predators. “Life would be pale indeed without our dragons.”

A brief sabbatical in Oxford, England
Oxford, England, has inspired countless novels and films, and “it’s easy to see why,” said Jennifer Moses in The New York Times. The home of the University of Oxford is a “ridiculously pretty” town, a “many-layered confection of history, aspiration, ambition, class, elegance, yearning, wealth, trade, and all things poetic.” While my husband spent a sabbatical there last fall, I took the opportunity to explore—renting a sturdy three-speed bicycle to get around and learning not to be slowed by a little rain. “A note for those inclined to fashionable footwear: Don’t even think about it.” Oxford is for Wellies and lots of walking—“through the winding streets, over cobblestones, up battlements, and along all kinds of footpaths.”

A canal boat on the Thames near Iffley

“Perhaps the best way to get a handle on the whole megillah is atop the University Church of St. Mary the Virgin right smack in the middle of the action, at Radcliffe Square.” From the 14th-century spire, “you can take it all in: the town’s location in the Thames Valley, the silky river itself, the gardens and meadows, the canals,” and, “of course,” the 38 colleges that compose the university. Founded around 900, Oxford was a trading hub in medieval times, a crossroads in central-south England located about 60 miles northwest of London. To try to imagine what Oxford looked like then, I pedaled to the district known as Iffley Village, where a 12th-century church proved to be “the kind of place that stuns you into reverent silence,” and the “typically English mix of thatched-roof and halftimbered houses” shares space with fields, geese, and centuries-old stone walls.

I liked Cowley for its ethnic restaurants and Osney for its pretty Victorian-era workers’ cottages. Still, nothing beat “the glories of Oxford central.” From the wide-ranging collection at the Ashmolean Museum to the intoxicating Botanic Garden, this city barely left me any time for its pubs. But I did find time on my last day to romp around Christ Church Meadow. Cows grazed to my right while bicyclists passed on my left, “and on the tantalizing far side of the walls, the college, with its spires, towers, gates, and cathedral, glowed in the pale afternoon light.”

Dominica’s wild allure
At least one island in the Caribbean has so far escaped large-scale development, said Eric Vohr in The Dallas Morning News. “Still savagely wild and naturally beautiful,” Dominica might owe its luck to a relative shortage of white sand beaches, but the tiny island nation’s raging rivers, volcanic fissures, lush rain forest, and steep mountains make it “an eco-tourism paradise.” It’s no wonder why Dominica (pronounced dahm-uh-NEE-ka) is known as the Nature Island. There are “almost too many natural wonders” on this island to list them all.

Volcanic steam rises from the Valley of Desolation

A day’s hike through Morne Trois Pitons National Park rates as a must. Our party chose aptly named Boiling Lake as our destination, and the three-hour trek across numerous steep ridges and deep valleys took us into a landscape where the ground itself felt young. In the Valley of Desolation, “superheated steam hisses and sputters through multicolored pools of oxidized sulfur, iron, copper, lead, calcium, and carbon.” In truth, “nowhere else have I been so close to the earth’s fiery fury. There are no fences, barriers, or park rangers here, just raw nature.” Boiling Lake, a 200-foot-wide flooded fumarole, proved to be as impressive as we’d hoped, its waters violently rolling and bubbling at temperatures, we were told, that reach 300 degrees. More temperate waters soothed our tired muscles on the return hike when we stopped to swim in a warm pool of one of Dominica’s many hot-spring-fed rivers.

The beaches we did find on Dominica offered more than we could have asked for. Portsmouth Bay is the largest, and just north of it lies Toucari Bay, “a pristine and secluded picture-postcard cove that will make you pinch yourself.” The coral reef offshore is so impressive that it’s due to become a protected marine park. In the waters off rocky Champagne Beach, underwater fumaroles produce towers of rising bubbles that sparkle in the sunlight like Dom Pérignon fizz in a crystal flute. If that’s not enough to get you to Dominica, know that a piña colada is never far out of reach. Trust me, though: “They taste better here.”

Roughing it in Chilean Patagonia
You can never predict what the rewards will be when you set off on a long mountain trek, said Erin Williams in The Washington Post. The peaks of South America had been calling to my husband and me long before we reached them. “Wild areas are our escape,” and when we’re not dreaming of our next distant adventure, we’re using our weekends to train for them. For our trip to Patagonia, we had our imaginations trained on the Torres del Paine, three towering mountain peaks in southern Chile that are “arguably Patagonia’s most iconic sight.” On a clear day, they “scrape the sky hundreds of feet above a snowfield and a meltwater lake.”

A backpacker in Torres del Paine National Park

The bus ride to the trailhead offered instant rewards. Throughout our two-hour drive through national parkland, I pressed my face against the bus window, “mesmerized by the sprawling landscape and the surprising abundance of wildlife: guanacos that resembled petite llamas,  massive Andean condors, incongruous flamingos, and ostrich-like rheas.” A catamaran transported us across Lake Pehoé to a lodge that would be our base. We chose to sleep in our own tent like many other hikers but enjoyed the lodge’s showers and warming up with cups of tea. We had a five-day hike ahead of us.

The beginning of the trail wandered alongside a windblown lake that was “bedazzled with blue icebergs broken off a glacier.” Between nights curled tightly in our sleeping bags, “we dawdled along the trail, admiring aquamarine lakes, forests, and wildflowers.” We also drank from meltwater streams and ate lunch beneath Cerro Paine Grande, the park’s highest peak. On the day we hoped to reach the Torres, “sheeting precipitation and relentless wind slowed our pace,” unfortunately, and it was a challenge to push through forest and across a glacial moraine field. Snow lashed our faces as we huddled under a boulder, waiting in vain for the dense fog to lift. “Are you disappointed?” my husband asked, taking my hand. “No,” I said, as we sat shivering together. “Let’s stay for a while.”

Finding serenity in Kyoto, Japan
For a city of 1.5 million, Kyoto can be surprisingly calming, said Robin Pogrebin in The New York Times. Known as the City of Ten Thousand Shrines, Japan’s wellpreserved former imperial capital was the destination my husband and I chose for a family trip “that would catapult us all out of our comfort zones.” It did, but mostly to lure us into the contemplative mind-set encouraged by its Zen Buddhist temples and sacred gardens. Our teenagers surprised me: Not only did they adjust quickly to the 14-hour time difference, but they also proved “curious and open to exploring a new part of the world.”

The Golden Pavilion, a Zen Buddhist temple

With so much to see, we set out early the first day for Kinkakuji, the Golden Pavilion, a reconstructed 14th-century temple whose upper floors “shimmer in gold leaf.” At the site’s Sekka-tei Tea House, Ethan and Maya gamely knelt and sampled “silty” green tea as a guide led us through the rituals of a tea ceremony. Later, we strolled through the Arashiyama Bamboo Grove, “an otherworldly forest of tall green stalks and winding paths,” before grabbing lunch at Wakadori, a restaurant known for its Japanese fried chicken, or karaage. At Ryoan-ji, home to one of Japan’s finest rock gardens, we happily sat while studying 15 stones arranged in a sea of raked white gravel. “It is a memory that calms me even now.”

A walk through the Nishiki Market—a “must-see half-mile assault on the senses”—snapped us out of our reverie. As I snacked on kiritanpo (toasted rice on a stick), I was pleasantly overwhelmed by the “teeming” stalls of pickles, sugared fruit, grilled squid, and folding paper fans. It was the day before the new year, so we splurged that night on an osechi-ryori dinner at Kinmata. I passed on the elaborate menu’s candied sardines and marinated herring roe, but Ethan and Maya proved more daring. Near midnight, a light rain began to fall, and as we approached Kennin-ji, the oldest temple in Kyoto, we were greeted by the sounds of monks chanting and bells tolling.

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An unspoiled Belizean paradise revisited

An unspoiled Belizean paradise revisited
“Words can be powerful—even stupid words in a travel magazine,” said David Ewing Duncan in Outside. That’s what I told my teenage son, and it’s what worried me as we flew toward Belize several months ago. Twenty-six years earlier, I had written a piece in Condé Nast Traveler that spilled the secret about Ambergris Caye, a Belizean island that at the time was a sparsely populated Shangri-la where a fly fisherman could haul out a tarpon on the first cast and scuba divers could spend time alone with one of the finest coral reefs in the world. Other writers followed my lead, and before long, hotels popped up on Ambergris Caye, flights to Belize multiplied, and cruise ships began dropping passengers at the reefs. I needed to get back to witness what I’d done.

An angler casts for bonefish from the island’s shore

From the air, most of the small coastal islands looked unchanged—a splattering of dark-green blobs against “a blue so intense it looked radioactive.” Ambergris Caye’s main town had grown significantly, though, and on the beach stood “a nearly unbroken progression of white bungalows and hotels.” One of them was Ramon’s Village Resort, the upgraded version of the place I had stayed at years before. The property’s thatched huts had been replaced by air-conditioned bungalows and a pool shaped like a stream. But when a beauty pageant filled the grounds with local families that night, “I didn’t have to ask if they preferred this life to the ‘paradise’ of palm trees and huts” I’d once written about. Clearly, their new day-to-day greatly pleased them.

The reef’s colors were dazzling when we dove the next day, but tourists had virtually stripped it of conch shells, and the fish population had declined too. Still, we saw a range of species, and Alex caught his first triggerfish the next day on a fly rod. By then, I was beginning to realize that blaming myself for any changes in Belize was as ridiculous as thinking I could capture life as it exists there after just a short visit. “My quick impression was that the wonder remained,” though. “New roads, bars, and hotels hadn’t ruined the  place, even if the conchs were gone.”

India’s tranquil south
Several hundred miles south of Mumbai lies “a totally unexpected India,” said Maria Shollenbarger in Condé Nast Traveler. I discovered it on my first visit to the country, following the advice of a friend whose mother hails from the bustling capital. She recommended a road trip from Coorg to Kasaragod, two appealing districts in South India that turned out to be connected by a threeplus-hour drive through “monumentally beautiful” territory. The two ends of the journey differ greatly in topography and climate, but both “exemplify everything that is wonderful about traveling the rural byways of the subcontinent.”

A view from Coorg’s highest peak

Coorg is known as the Scotland of India. A swath of rain forest sitting atop a mountain range known as the Western Ghats, the district “has recently emerged as a high-altitude redoubt for India’s new elite, who come from the searing urban ovens of Bangalore and Chennai to hike, mountain bike, and inhale the oxygen-rich air.” It can be a pleasant shock to finish the challenging six-hour drive from Bangalore by stepping into the Vivanta resort in Taj Madikeri and looking across the open-air lobby and an infinity pool to the “astonishing” vista—“mountain after lushly forested mountain as far as the eye can see.”

A half-day’s drive on a “dizzyingly spectacular” road brought me down from the mountains a few days later. Passing waterfalls and painted temples, I rolled across the fertile plain that runs to the Arabian Sea. After a night at a beachfront boutique hotel, I took a room aboard the Lotus, a converted rice barge that ever so slowly plies an “eminently photogenic” backwater a half-mile inland. We stopped the first evening at a village where locals were preparing for a ritual worship known as the Theyyam festival. Smoke rose from braziers, “whirling up past the pale-pink buildings of the temple complex and into the faded sky,” while coals were lit for a worshipper to walk across. Before I fell asleep, I sat on the roof of the Lotus, listening to prayer calls while the village’s electricity occasionally flickered off and revealed “a sky extravagantly painted with stars.” In India, of all places, I’d found “a perfect distillation of solitude.”

Embracing the passions of Seville
Twenty years after I first passed through Seville, I have finally returned—“lured by a few mental postcards,” said Andrew McCarthy in Travel + Leisure. In just one night, the 2,200-year-old capital of southern Spain’s Andalusia region had imprinted on my memory a handful of images: a young woman in a bar who spontaneously danced the flamenco; a jasmine-scented piazza; a photograph of a statue of the Virgin Mary with crystal tears on her cheeks. “Like all places of real interest, Seville thrives on contradictions.” It’s a Catholic city defined by its 15th-century Moorish architecture. It’s home to 700,000 but “can seem like a small town.” I get to know the soul of the place not by chasing my old memories but by letting its rhythms guide me.

The scene at Bar El Rinconcillo, the city’s oldest pub

Despite its “jumble of ancient, narrow lanes,” Seville is “an easy city to settle to.” Sitting in the oldest tavern in town one night, I savor paper-thin slices of cured ham cut in front of me by my waiter but enjoy even more how he scribbled my tab right on the wooden bar where I sat. Behind the bar hangs a photo of that crying Mary, an image as prevalent in the city’s bars as flamenco. People sometimes deride flamenco as merely a tourist enticement. But in Triana, a working-class neighborhood on the west bank of the Guadalquivir River, midnight brings out the local dancers in bar after bar. At 3 a.m., “a lone guitarist strums a ferocious beat” while the crowd claps along and couples execute an erotic version known as sevillana.

Bullfighting is still big here, too. Some 14,000 passionate people pack the main arena the night I attend, and the drama that unfolds makes the ancient spectacle feel “deeply personal and alive.” But it’s a quest for marmalade that ends up completing my journey. Walking away from the convent that sells it, I follow my feet until I find myself inside the Basílica de la Macarena. A priest is presiding over a wedding at the altar, and as I turn to leave, I spot her hovering above the young couple: Without even looking, I have come face to face with St. Mary of the crystal tears.

Biarritz—France’s hip surf spot
Biarritz isn’t Cannes or St.-Tropez, said Luke Barr in Travel + Leisure. A century after its initial heyday, this resort town on southwestern France’s Atlantic coast is “a less polished place” than those Côte d’Azur enclaves—both “a little wild” and “a little young.” One grand beachside hotel remains from Biarritz’s pre–World War II golden era, but there are “no mega-yachts floating in the harbor here,” no private beach clubs or “Lamborghinis stuck in traffic.” The new Biarritz is a surfer’s town, trading again on its stunning landscape and churning, powerful waves. More than a decade into its rebirth, it has become a bohemian hot spot, but is in no danger of smothering the laid-back charm that brought it back from the dead.

Bathers relaxing on a small beach near town

I visited with my wife and children recently, and every day we hit a different beach. Some, like the Grande Plage, were “mad carnivals of blazing heat and people and sand.” Others, like Plage Marbella, were “quiet narrow strips backed by cliffs.” But all had sections for surfers, and the waves we watched them ride were aweinspiring. “Like any self-respecting French town, Biarritz is full of excellent bakeries, confiseries, butchers, épiceries, food shops of all kinds,” and we walked the streets in the late afternoons, settling in for out outdoor meals built around fresh seafood and accented by such Basque Country touches as stuffed hot peppers and marinated anchovies. We regularly wandered just down the coast to Guéthary, a small village that sits on a bluff. There we had the small beaches practically to ourselves, and hung out at Providence, an “art gallery/surf shop/boutique/café” run by a bearded video and music producer.

One afternoon, we meandered past Providence and settled at Heteroclito, “a bright colorful place with a hippiejunk-shop aesthetic.” Surfer Patrick Espagnet opened the bar 22 years ago, and he assured us as we sat on the terrace that the area’s resurgence hadn’t changed its essential spirit. He was right. “The sun was setting, the light was softer, and we could see a few surfers out on the water, catching the last waves of the day.”

Sochi—Russia’s oddly inappropriate Olympic city
The Black Sea port that will host the Winter Olympics next month has been effectively made over “from head to toe to soul,” said Andrea Sachs in The Washington Post. Long the “Summer Capital of Russia,” Sochi never before bothered to cut ski slopes into the surrounding Greater Caucasus Mountains, perhaps because the city’s movers and shakers were too busy enjoying the warm breezes and sunshine that sustain the area’s palm trees and tropical fruit trees. But Russian President Vladimir Putin had a dream of using the Olympics to transform Sochi into a year-round international resort, and neither the climate nor the threat of terrorism could turn back his bulldozers and cranes. Even a month before a pair of December terrorist bombings killed 32 people in Volgograd, military vessels were patrolling the waters off Sochi’s fabled coast.

A palm tree outside the Games’ hockey arena

I arrived during “anti-terrorism week”—a stretch of November when bombings were still a hypothetical and Sochi’s seaside promenade supported a genial outdoorcafé scene that felt “more South of France than southwest of Siberia.” But the city was changing before our eyes: Buildings seemed to vanish overnight, replaced by new streets, new bus stops. Within weeks, the Olympic Village and skating events will take over a section of the waterfront, while new trains will transport skiers, bobsledders, and their fans from a new train station through a new tunnel to a new alpine resort about 40 miles away. When I visited, the bases of the slopes were still “loud, messy, and muddy.” But a pristine tram lifted me high above the construction mayhem all the way to the Gornaya Karusel resort’s spectacular 7,283-foot peak.

I eventually spent a full day alone in Sochi without Russian interpreters and guides. I’d already visited a local tea plantation, and found myself on one of those trains, enjoying its cleanliness and quiet. Everything around me was new, except the one feature outside my window that grabbed and held my attention—“the Black Sea, which has soothed Russians’ souls during good periods and bad, from time immemorial.”

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The other side of the Loire

The other side of the Loire
The fantasy version of the French countryside can actually be found if you know where to look, said Alexandra Marshall in Travel + Leisure. In Sancerre and its surroundings, “there are winding roads with storybook views,” green fields dotted with well-fed livestock, plus scattered cheesemakers and winemakers who exude cheerfulness and calm. Many travelers who visit the Loire Valley and its wineries turn west at Orléans toward the wealthier towns crowned by historic châteaus. They should head east: Reuilly, Quincy, Menetou-Salon, and other hamlets within a stone’s throw of Sancerre are better known for their wine than their guesthouses and scenery, but “I found this hard to believe once I saw the place for myself.”

The view to Sancerre

I had come to the region to sample the wine, but my interests quickly expanded. On a two-lane road lined with plane trees, I couldn’t resist stopping to sample Sancerre’s other specialty, the goat cheese  Crottin de Chavignol. “When I pulled into Chèvrerie des Gallands, a fifth-generation goat-milk cheese-maker, I was greeted by a couple of chatty goats as if I were an old  friend finally coming home.” In the town of Sancerre, I enjoyed a hearty meal prepared by the Paris-trained chef at “country-chic” Restaurant La Tour, which showcases local produce and river fish. After lunch, “a jog to the top of the 14th-century Fief Tower is well advised”—both to burn some calories and because it’s “a great place to marvel at the view of the countryside.”

A local winemaker, Sébastien Riffault, had invited me to join in a vendange entre amis—a traditional gathering in which friends harvest a small plot of grapes before sharing wine and a meal. We started the day touring the vineyard in a horsedrawn carriage, the gently hilly land “alive with butterflies and bees.” The sauvignon blanc grapes we gathered were delivered to a massive shed, where we watched a press extract a gray-greenish juice that Riffault would use for a dessert wine. By nightfall, we were drinking table wine at a picnic table strewn with flowers and heaps of sausage. “There were seconds and thirds to be had before we all went our separate ways.”

Exploring ancient Malta
“A trip to Malta is a thorough immersion into the distant past,” said Alice Levitt in The Boston Globe. The small archipelago south of Sicily is home to elaborate ruins that are 1,700 years older than Stonehenge, and traces of an incredibly rich, layered history are scattered about the tiny nation’s four inhabited isles. From the main island, visits to “tiny, beachy” Comino or hilly, historic Gozo require only a short ferry ride, and the capital city of Valletta makes a good home base for exploring the entire 122-square-mile country.

Ggantija The handiwork of giants

Just south of Valletta, in Marsaxlokk, the shore is often lined with fishing boats still painted with “the Technicolor red, blue, and yellow stripes—and watchful eyes—that decorated them during Phoenician times.” But echoes of 1,000 B.C. are just the start: Following a seafood lunch, visitors can step back 500,000 years by making a short walk to Ghar Dalam, a cave whose adjoining museum displays fossils of ancient hippos and dwarf elephants alongside evidence of humans who took refuge in the cave roughly 7,500 years ago, during the last Ice Age. In nearby Paola, you can catch a first glimpse of the mysterious temple-building culture that flourished on Malta about 2,000 years later. Hal Saflieni Hypogeum, the town’s underground necropolis, “has no parallel.” Carved out of the rock with sharpened bones, the necropolis is “no casual assemblage of graves” but a subterranean re-creation of the prehistoric temples that stood above it.

Anyone intrigued by the culture that built the hypogeum will want to visit Gozo and the twin temples known as Ggantija. Roughly 5,600 years old, Ggantija is the planet’s oldest, freestanding man-made structure, constructed with 20-foot stone slabs that inspired speculation that it was built by giants. A “sparkling” new museum opened nearby last year, making many of the treasures found there more accessible. In one display, a skull found near Ggantija has been used to create a glimpse of what a Gozo woman of 5,600 years ago probably looked like. The result is just a computer reconstruction, but her “swarthy beauty” might remind you of her 2014 neighbors.

Encountering a remote human past
It’s not easy to explain why I recently found myself in a tour group visiting Ethiopia’s remote Omo River Valley, said Guy Trebay in Travel + Leisure. Other Westerners venture into rural Africa to see giraffes and zebras; “we were here with the shared and uneasy goal of visiting a human zoo.” Guided by a tour provider, we were scheduled to stop in over the next 10 days on various tribes that the modern world had barely touched: the Kara, the Nyangatom, the Suri. “That we were willing to travel so far—by jet and bush plane and jeep and boat—to see certifiable ‘others’ suggested a growing cultural malady.” But there we were. After waking in my tent in predawn darkness, I joined the others on a boat bound for a Kara village.

A Suri woman wearing a lip plate

A ceremony was underway. Shortly after our arrival, “a conga line of women appeared, stomping in the dust and chanting.” Men with rifles began firing ear-piercing blanks. By rare invitation, we were witnessing an orwak ceremony, which meant that after the gruesome sacrifice of a ram, several elders read the future in its entrails. Perhaps they could see how new oil wells, roads, dams, and cellphone towers were encroaching on their corner of the world. For now, they carried on, and we learned we could photograph these proud people, if we paid each subject the customary price of five birr, or about 25 cents.

A 10-seat plane later took us to a Suri village of domed huts. The Suri are known for many things, including their beauty and their fierceness in battle. But to me, with my boyhood memories of reading photo magazines, they were “the lip-plate people.” Each Suri girl, in preparation for marriage, has her bottom teeth removed and lip pierced to hold a clay plate, which is replaced by larger plates as the lip stretches. The elegant bearing of one such young woman startled me. “She was all the strangeness of the world a traveler sets out in search of, the personification of the exotic ‘other’ who in the end, in almost every case, is pretty much the same as you and me.”

Finding the ‘real’ Georgia
Svaneti is a place much talked about but rarely visited, said Tara Isabella Burton in National Geographic Traveler. Located a 12-hour drive from the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, the remote mountain province in the Caucasus “holds a mythical place in the national imagination as the real Georgia.” The poets and balladeers generally don’t mention the bandit gangs that made the journey to Svaneti a fool’s mission until the late 1990s. But then, Svaneti wouldn’t have the same mystique if not for the centuries-old stone defensive towers that abut many Svan homes, testifying to a long history of bloody clan rivalries. The real Georgia? After three years in crowded, thrilling, change-happy Tbilisi, I jumped at the chance when a Svan friend offered to take me there.

Ushguli and its ancient defensive towers

My friend, Giorgi, is from Mestia, Svaneti’s cultural hub. Fortunately, that wasn’t our final destination, because the historic hamlet has been transformed by recent investment. With its new ski resort, chalet-style hotel, and small airport, Mestia anchors a government-backed effort to transform Svaneti into “the Georgian Switzerland,” and it currently projects “the uncanny aura of a Hollywood back lot.” Giorgi hated the changes, even though he was now a ponytailed Tbilisi hipster rather than a staunch defender of tradition. Halfway to Mestia, we had stopped at a 12th-century monastery, where he surprised me by dropping to his knees to kiss an icon of the Virgin Mary. “My country,” he explained. During Georgia’s golden age, the Gelati Monastery was home to the country’s greatest philosophers, poets, and painters.

The next day, we push farther into the Caucasus to reach Ushguli, known as Europe’s highest permanently inhabited village. We ride horses through its streets, with pigs and dogs at our feet, before heading out of town into a valley of wildflowers. Giorgi says he wants to build a house one day in rural Svaneti, but I wonder if the dream can come true. That evening, at our guesthouse, he’s scolded by our hosts when he’s asked to give a traditional toast and botches it. As a stewed, pickled pig’s head watches from the table, we raise our glasses anyway. “We are toasting Georgia: eternal and unchanged.”

The surreal beauty of Mexico’s Costa Alegre
I can easily understand why French poet André Breton once called Mexico “the most surrealist country in the world,” said Julia Chaplin in Travel + Leisure. On the Costa Alegre, a “blissfully underdeveloped” stretch of Pacific coastline, every day seems to freely blend decadence, whimsy, and bold, dreamy visuals of a kind you’d expect in a Frida Kahlo painting. For decades now, the area from Puerto Vallarta south to Manzanillo has been a magnet for artists, naturalists, surfers, and various other dreamers who’ve been easily folded into the tolerant local culture. Among their rewards: “night air that feels like silk” and “a climate so perfect that many houses are built without walls.”

Hotelito Desconocido An otherworldly serenity

My first destination was a luxury ecoresort so off the beaten path that I had cactus scratches on my rental car by the time I found it. Cold-eyed armed guards met me at the gate, but the vibe inside the Hotelito Desconocido property was more “Fellini meets Robinson Crusoe,” with thatched-roof guest huts perched on stilts at the shoreline and staffers bustling about the psychedelic surrounding gardens. At sunset, I panicked when I realized that the huts don’t have electricity, but hundreds of torches and candles soon cast the entire resort in an exotic glow.

My fellow guests mostly avoided Puerto Vallarta, but I had to see it. Avoiding the trinket shops and crowded bars, I instead explored the newly rediscovered old quarter, where Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton once owned homes. In a hilly section behind the city, narrow cobblestone streets cut between dilapidated mansions built by 18th-century ship captains. We headed north for dinner, first stopping in the high-end suburb of Punta de Mita to gawk at Imanta, an over-the-top beach resort where guests stay in Mayan-style stone houses. In nearby Sayulita, a surf town filled with smoothie stands, taquerias, and “lots of young, tanned hippies,” I chose a restaurant where diners sit on swings attached to a tree. It wasn’t easy eating seafood linguine on a moving seat, but I had to admire the owners’ interest in subverting convention. “I’m sure André Breton would have approved, too.”

TOP 10 MOST BEAUTIFUL CITIES IN ASIA 2019

TOP 10 MOST VISITED CITIES IN THE WORLD

TOP 10 MOST BEAUTIFUL CAPITALS IN THE WORLD

10 AMAZING PLACES AROUND THE WORLD

TOP 10 CHEAPEAST COUNTRIES TO LIVE IN EUROPE 2019

7 BEAUTIFUL PLACES IN THE WORLD THAT YOU NEED TO SEE IN REAL LIFE


Nicaragua’s fantasy island

Nicaragua’s fantasy island
I’ve found an island in Nicaragua “where extreme rustic adventure meets extreme tropical relaxation” in an ideal balance, said Josh Noel in the Chicago Tribune. Ometepe “couldn’t be designed more perfectly.” Rising from the serene waters of Lake Nicaragua, the 107-square-mile island is shaped like a figure eight, with a volcanic peak on either half and the land between adorned by a river as well as just enough beachfront restaurants. Even with 40,000 residents, a new airport, and a couple of museums, Ometepe “remains wonderfully slow and unspoiled.” Cows meander down the main road, and there are “few, if any, stoplights—or buildings taller than a palm tree.”

Tourists motor between the island’s volcanoes

Hiking a volcano is “a quintessential island experience,” so I couldn’t pass up the chance. As  my guide and I set off for the Maderas crater (elevation 4,570 feet), howler monkeys called from trees and the path wound through wet jungle to “a misty cloud forest.” I lost count of how many times I stumbled on the muddy incline, but after more than five hours of climbing, we were looking down into the crater—“360 degrees of thick, green growth in what once spewed smoke and lava.” The next day was a day of rest, highlighted by an  afternoon lounge in a hammock with a rum in hand. When I tired of that, I strolled to the beach and waded in the “wonderfully warm” lake as children fished for sardines. Volcan Concepcion, Maderas’s still-active, 5,280-foot sibling, loomed in the distance.

On my last day, I discovered “what might be Ometepe’s greatest joy.” Ojo de Agua is a large natural spring with stone walls and a rock and silt floor, and its “wonderfully bright and clear” water felt “just cool enough to be refreshing.” At the pool’s edge, a vendor was selling coconuts filled with rum, and I learned that the mineralrich waters ostensibly had healing powers. In any case, this “serene little oasis” was worth a day unto itself,” and it made me wish my trip were longer. “Who knows? Had I stayed, I might have attempted that other volcano.”

Turkey’s ancient gem
“It sounds like a cliché, but Mardin really is a magical place,” said Bernd Brunner in TheSmartSet.com. An ancient city in eastern Turkey built on a mountain ridge, Mardin has little in common with bustling Istanbul, which lies 700 miles away. Mardin exists within its own time and place as one of upper Mesopotamia’s oldest and most unchanged settlements. From its well-preserved historic district more than 3,000 feet above sea level, one can spot the Tigris and Euphrates in the distance—the cradle of civilization. Somehow, Mardin’s charming, historic old town has “withstood the pressure to become a kind of open air museum” honoring a culture that goes back 7,000 years. Instead, it remains as vital as newer neighborhoods.

Mardin Stunning, Old World magnificence

During a recent stay, I visited Mardin’s main street every day, reveling in its architecture, winding streets, and friendly (but not pushy) shopkeepers. The Muslim businesses sold aromatic soap and handmade jewelry, and I also passed a few Christian shops offering good Turkish red wine. One side trip off Main Street brought me to the centuries-old Emir hamam, or bathhouse, with a “fascinating interior” topped off with a colorful dome. Another day, I journeyed just outside the city to the “lovingly restored” Deyrulzafaran Monastery, a Christian site built in the 5th century. At the monastery’s chapel, Muslim visitors joined me in admiring its “beautifully colored images painted on cloth.” This was typical of Mardin: The city celebrates holidays from all religions and is justly proud of its multicultural heritage. Recently, Mardin even elected a 25-year-old Christian woman to be comayor with a 71-year-old Kurdish man.

Any visitor will be amazed that Mardin’s Old World magnificence does not draw more tourists. The city recently withdrew its bid to be recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site because of modern structures that obscure views of the historic district. As a fix, hundreds of newer, concrete buildings will be demolished. While the surrounding region modernizes, Mardin is becoming easier to reach—and word is getting out. “It’s becoming clear that Mardin will soon awake from its slumber—with or without UNESCO’s blessing.”

Getting to know Sydney’s ‘wildly cosmopolitan’ side
When I tell American acquaintances where I’m from, the first thing that pops into their minds is a soaring opera house, said Tony Perrottet in The New York Times. But it’s a soaring opera house that’s surely just a silent hulk in their minds, because they know Australians only as a horde of “beer-swilling, happy-go-lucky folk” who spend all their waking hours barbecuing steak on the beach. Look—I’ll admit that Sydney can distract first-time visitors with its “Rio-like natural beauty.” But on my last trip home, I was determined to reengage with the city I’ve always known to be “wildly cosmopolitan”—its museums packed, its creative class fecund, and its calendar bursting with arts festivals.

Busking musicians at a Sydney market

I focused on reconnecting with Sydney’s so-called inner city—a string of bohemian neighborhoods that surround the central business district. The area’s Victorian-era working-class housing has been prized for years, and yet it was “a mild shock” to see that Chippendale, the area I lived in as a student, was now a nonprofit arts district and a haven of quiet, leafy streets. I used a gallery map to explore, then hit a few higher-end galleries in Paddington and Woollahra. At the former Surry Hills studio of painter Brett Whiteley (1939–92), Whiteley’s Sydney Harbor paintings so dazzled me that they “sent me racing down to the very tourist zone I’d planned to avoid.” From the rooftop café at the harborside Museum of Contemporary Art, I enjoyed a glass of sparkling wine and “ravishing views” of the Opera House.

Australians are said to read more books per capita than the citizens of any other English-speaking country, and the Sydney Writers’ Festival celebrates that passion with around 300 events every May. Trying to explain Sydney’s special energy, the poetnovelist Luke Davies once told me that it’s a perfect place to do creative work because its natural beauty induces a trance-like state. Actually, he told me this during my recent trip while we both bobbed in the waves off Bondi Beach. As per a daily ritual of his, we had just walked to Bondi, past some Aboriginal carvings, and “plunged from a ledge straight into the churning ocean.”

Exploring mystical Wales
No offense to remote Ireland or Scotland, but northern Wales might just be the United Kingdom’s most magical locale, said Jim Farber in the New York Daily News. “It’s a wonder of a place,” an exotic land where psychedelic- colored sheep graze on velvet-green meadows and ancient castles dot the hilltops. The sheep can be explained: Their wool is dyed to indicate who owns them. But much harder to decipher is the strange language that often fills the air. “Here, people really do speak Welsh—with special aggression if they spy an English person.” I was glad to have a guide familiar with the language, and even gladder that he knew the back roads and the region’s small, hidden treasures. “Not that these remote parts of Wales only offer a sense of the surreal, or the past.”

Heather-clad hills outside the town of Llangollen

During a recent six-day stay, I managed to ride a zip line in the town of Bethesda that was “infinitely scarier” than any I’d ridden before. (“Think of a gun shot with you as the bullet.”) I also partook of a “singularly horrifying” local pastime called coasteering, which entails donning a wetsuit, leaping repeatedly into 37-degree ocean water, and scrambling back to safety across razor-sharp rocks. “To be fair, some swear by this sport.” But I far preferred Wales’s more tranquil attractions.

There are many. Llangollen is a town of black-and-white Tudor houses and a canal ride that uses a single horse for power. Ruthin is a town of “adorable” stores, fine pubs, and a castle once owned by Henry VIII. Conwy has a castle of its own, plus a 6- by 10-foot dwelling advertised as “The Smallest House in Britain.” I had “the most regal afternoon tea of my life” at Chateau Rhianfa, a “storybook” hotel on the Isle of Anglesey just across a bridge from the mainland. Though I didn’t attempt to climb Mount Snowdon, the highest peak in the vast Snowdonia National Park, I did enjoy the next best thing: a ride in a 1903 trolley up a nearby peak and a descent into Llandudno, a seaside town with “a romantic sweep of beach” and a collection of pastel Victorian buildings that “look like they’re swirled with cream.”

Day-tripping through Italy’s Piedmont region
The owner of our hotel said that his city of 25,000 should be better known, and he was right, said David Stewart White in The Washington Post. Fossano, Italy, is “the perfect hub for a visit to Piedmont,” the region in northwestern Italy famous for stellar wines and marvelous food. A short drive east puts you in “wine heaven,” among the vineyards that produce Barolo, Barbera, and Barbaresco. A quick jaunt north puts you in Bra, the home of the slow-food movement. Whichever direction you choose to go, “a nearly 360-degree view of the Alps is always lurking,” and the day’s end returns you to an “ancient and atmospheric” town that tourists have yet to overrun. Our hotel? A converted 16th-century monastery that also houses Fossano’s best restaurant.

The village of Serralunga d’Alba

Our first day trip took us southeast to Valcasotto, a picturesque mountain hamlet now owned by one of Europe’s premier cheese-makers, Beppino Occelli. Samples of the local specialty came “with sides of  history and cheese-making science,” and we devoured every scrap. The next day, we eagerly made wine our prey, venturing into the Langhe region for a guided wine tour that turned out to be “a sublimely relaxed experience.” Roaming oenophiles occasionally overrun some of Piedmont’s hill towns, but most of the vineyards we visited booked tours by appointment only, allowing us to converse casually with the winemakers while we savored each selection they chose to share.

Each day brought a new adventure. Fossano itself offered a maze of medieval streets lined with shops selling Milanquality designer goods. Nearby Saluzzo held its annual music festival on the summer solstice, and we took the occasion to visit Castello della Manta, a castle that houses a “breathtaking” series of 15thcentury frescoes. Everywhere we went, even the most modest bar served wonderful food, yet one place in the village of Serralunga d’Alba will go down as the most memorable. We ate a simple meal, accompanied by a bottle of the local dolcetto d’Alba. But we were sitting on a windswept terrace, relaxed as could be, and gazing out on “a 50-mile view of rolling vineyards and red-brick-fortified hill towns.”

TOP 10 MOST BEAUTIFUL CITIES IN ASIA 2019

TOP 10 MOST VISITED CITIES IN THE WORLD

TOP 10 MOST BEAUTIFUL CAPITALS IN THE WORLD

10 AMAZING PLACES AROUND THE WORLD

TOP 10 CHEAPEAST COUNTRIES TO LIVE IN EUROPE 2019

7 BEAUTIFUL PLACES IN THE WORLD THAT YOU NEED TO SEE IN REAL LIFE


Vanuatu, an untamed South Pacific getaway

Vanuatu, an untamed South Pacific getaway
The Vanuatu archipelago is a true throwback—one of the “rawest” places to visit in the South Pacific, said A. Odysseus Patrick in The Washington Post. But if you want to escape the modern world, the tiny island nation is “gorgeous, exotic, occasionally scary, and often farcical. And fun. Mostly.” My recent family trip to Vanuatu almost ended before it began when a storm prevented our plane from landing at the antiquated airport, which lacked a modern guidance system. But this is to be expected when vacationing in a place where 80 percent of the population lives in thatched huts. Vanuatu may lack modern amenities, but the former French and British colony does have “unspoiled tropical landscapes, friendly locals,” and a rich heritage that mixes Melanesian culture with British and French influences.

Tourists watch Mount Yasur erupt at dusk

Vanuatu’s biggest attraction is Mount Yasur, an active volcano located 130 miles south of the main island, Efate. To get to it, we hired a guide who crammed us into a tiny, six-seat plane, then flew for an hour through the mist before landing on a bumpy runway. Climbing into SUVs, we followed a “potholed, single-lane dirt track” through the jungle until we reached a plain of ash marked by “clumps of orange lava, long cooled and solidified.” The volcano’s peak loomed to the east.

At the volcano’s summit, our guides didn’t offer much advice, and there weren’t any warning signs about where we could go. To my wife’s dismay, my kids and I walked along the 3-foot-wide rim of the crater as steam and sulfurous gas billowed up from below. Every few seconds “a low boom sounded,” and the larger explosions shot chunks of molten stone into the sky. Some of the debris landed nearby, and although the taciturn natives insisted we were safe, each blast sent “a shudder of fear racing through our group.”  Later, back at the resort, we were content to sip tropical cocktails and enjoy a delicious and inexpensive dinner while our kids ran free on the beach. It wasn’t a standard tropical vacation, but we hadn’t come for one.

Casual class on Portugal’s exclusive coast
Portugal’s Herdade da Comporta exudes an “under-the-radar cool,” even as it’s become more popular, said Maura Egan in Condé Nast Traveler. In the past 20 years, this region along the nation’s western coast has emerged as a secret, fashionable retreat for well-to-do Europeans. Newly opened hotels and restaurants should bring in even more visitors. Still, Comporta resists the overdevelopment plaguing much of the continent’s beachfront. When I visited recently, Isabel de Carvalho, co-owner of the chic restaurant Museu do Arroz, said to me, “People come here because it reminds them of St.- Tropez in the ’70s.”

Comporta ‘Europe’s hidden treasure’

There are seven villages in the Herdade da Com porta. One local explained that wealthy families live in Brejos, well-heeled tourists vacation at Pego, and Comporta village is “the destination for day-trippers from Lisbon.” Surprisingly, the elite mingle easily with fishermen and farmers, and many summer homes and rentals give off “a casual boho vibe, with little furniture and plenty of outdoor areas for taking in the landscape.” On one afternoon drive, I passed through the village of Carvalhal, where old men sat drinking espresso at an outdoor café, as they’ve done for generations, and a woman collected snails by the side of the road. I was on my way to Pego’s Restaurante Sal, the “unofficial clubhouse” of the Comporta. When I arrived, families were sitting on the deck, “lingering over their grilled fish, squid ink rice, and half-empty bottles of local rosé.” Everyone wore “their Sunday beach best: polo shirts and Top-Siders for the men, flowing caftans and straw hats for the women.” A grand father slumped in a chair while his grandson played on a nearby sand dune.

The casual mix of the upper and lower classes is readily evident in Comporta village. Businesses range from a tiny supermercado to boutique shops selling Moroccan pottery. Locals sit on a stone wall eating ice cream near an intersection congested with BMWs and Range Rovers. I met British artist Jason Martin, who moved to Comporta after seeing it on TV. He spoke of a “genuine” vibe and said that, even with increased attention, Comporta remains “Europe’s hidden treasure.”

Discovering Spain’s Roman ruins
To understand ancient Rome, start in Madrid, said Miranda S. Spivack in The Washington Post. “Spain is essentially one big archaeological site, much of it dating from the Roman era.” During a recent trip, my husband and I made a point of seeking out remnants of that mighty empire, which gained a foothold in the Iberian Peninsula in about 200 B.C. and ruled the region until the early 5th century. Dozens of Roman sites can readily be reached on day trips from Madrid, and they’re consistently less crowded and often in better condition than Italy’s own. “Add to that the economics of visiting Spain—where a tapas snack and a drink in a restaurant can be had for about $9 or less—and it’s tough to find a reason to stay away.”

The Roman ruins at Tarragona

Every site we visited we had nearly to ourselves. At Carranque, the site of a 20-room, 4th-century Roman villa, only 12 other people joined a tour during which we marveled at dozens of mosaics on the walls and floors. At Numancia, a hilltop outpost where residents valiantly held off Roman aggressors for two decades, we wandered among ancient Roman and Celtiberean homes filled with periodappropriate furnishings. At the Museo de las Villas Romanas, in Almenara-Puras, we toured a full-scale model of a Roman villa built next to the remains of the 4th-century villa it was based on. “It seemed like a lifesize playhouse, complete with an interior courtyard, spa rooms with neatly folded towels, and communal latrines, typical of the Romans.”

Farther afield, you can find a Roman chariot racetrack in Mérida, and large coliseums in Itálica, Segóbriga, and Tarragona, a city that sits on the Mediterranean coast southwest of Barcelona. From Tarragona, we took a short ride on a public bus one day to reach Centcelles, a Roman villa famed for a ceiling mosaic said to be one of the finest in the world. Previously we’d been told that the nation’s wrenching economic downturn had slowed tourism, but we were surprised to be the day’s only visitors. The day before, a curator told us, there’d been maybe three. We gazed upward in amazement for a long time.

Ankara—Turkey’s second city
Ankara too often gets overshadowed by Istanbul, said Andrea Sachs in The Washington Post. Turkey’s capital has only 4.5 million residents to Istanbul’s 14 million, and it has a reputation for being less fun—a Washington, D.C., to Istanbul’s New York City. But don’t let the concentration of universities and foreign embassies give you the wrong impression. Ankara is more than a place to study or practice diplomacy. It’s a pleasingly disorderly city—“energetic, loud, and alive, so very alive.”

Young visitors perch on the walls of Ankara’s citadel

I stayed recently in the historic Ulus quarter, buying my daily provisions at a market where the vendors routinely threw in extra fruits or vegetables for free. Whenever you look up in this district, “your eyes inevitably bump into the citadel, a colossal structure of towers and walls shaped by the hands of many civilizations (Hittite, Byzantine, Galatian, etc.).” One late afternoon, I entered through a dramatic archway and climbed ragged steps to a wall where I could sit watching boys playing soccer below me. At 5:57, a booming voice called Muslims to prayer, so I followed the faithful to Haci Bayram, Ankara’s most sacred mosque. Passing through a courtyard that contains the ruins of a Roman temple, I padded into the mosque though the women’s entrance, hiding my hair under my jacket’s hood. While children played around us, the women “remained deep in prayer, their covered heads bowed toward Mecca.”

My favorite hangout was a furniture shop run by a friendly man named Ahmet Geyikoglu. He’d invited me in for tea on my first afternoon in Ankara, and I kept returning to paw through his beautiful carpets and talk about the day’s plans. Finally, I playfully told him I wanted a chair, a stool, and a bench, but he ignored the chance to make a big sale while bubble-wrapping the least expensive of my requests and tucking in a complimentary kilim-covered pillow. Unexpectedly, “I had discovered Ankara’s true spirit in a rug seller’s cramped shop.”

A train through old Germany
"Steam locomotives are impossibly romanric"-perhaps nonc more so than those that run on the Fichre1bergbahn, said T.R. Goldman in The Washington Post. The small German railroad began operating in 1897, transporting people and freight 11 miles through the scenic Ore Mountains along what's now Germany's border with the Czech Republic. Today, the Fichtelbergbahn carries 200,000 sightseeing passengers each year, from Cranzahl to the low-key ski village of Oberwiesenthal, a former silver-mining town and the highest settlement in the nation. Many of these visitors are train aficionados who, like me, are drawn to the region by the ride itself.

Blowing off steam ill tbe Ore Mountains

Oberwiesenthal is one of Germany's bestvalue ski resorts, favored by families who pack the little inns above the train station and wander into the main square when they're not on the slopes. Picturesque lodgings like the Hotel-Gasthof Rotgiesserhaus sit near "very GDR" restaurants like the main square's Cafe Central, a place where the bad lighting, cheap beer, and raxidermied animals offer their own retrograde Soviet-era charm. We train buffs spent many hours just milling about the village's railyard, "photographing the engines as if they were exotic zoo animals." Because they run on narrow·gauge tracks, the locomotives are about half normal size, and though plenty powerful, they're also "impossibly cute."

The engineer and the fireman agree to let me ride in [heir cab as my train embarks for Cranzahl. A high-pitched, breathy whistle sounds, and thcn the chug-chug-chug starts, "first slowly and methodically, then rapidly crescendoing in speed." The engine shoots thick bursts of white steam into the air as we weave through the mountains, and I admire thc orange-roofed villages in the valley below. Later, I discover that both tourists and locals often pull their cars over to watch the train pass overhead on a 75·fooHall viaduct about half a mile olltside Oberwiesenthal. One Bavarian visitor struggles to answer when I ask him to explain the attraction. "It's black, it's beautiful," he says. "It's life inside."

MOST DEADLY SNAKES AROUND THE WORLD

MOST DEADLY SNAKES AROUND THE WORLD
Every year, up to 125,000 people die from snakebites. However, the most venomous snakes are not always the most dangerous, because many of them live in remote places where there are few people. The biggest killers live in densely populated countries where people are very likely to step on them, get bitten, and not receive proper treatment.

Puff adder
This heavily built viper is the most dangerous snake in Africa. It gets its name from the way it puffs up its body and hisses in a threat display before striking with its very long fangs.

Australian taipan
The venom of this Australian snake is so toxic that its bites are deadly if not treated quickly. The closely related inland taipan, also found in Australia, is even more lethal. But both live in such remote regions that bites are rare.

Bushmaster
The South American bushmaster is the biggest of the pit vipers, growing to 10 ft (3 m) or more in length. Its venom can be fatal, but luckily bites are rare.

Gaboon viper
Similar to the puff adder, this central African ambush killer has huge fangs that can be up to 2 in (5 cm) long—longer than those of any other snake.

Fer-de-lance
This highly venomous pit viper is the most deadly snake in South America. Many of its victims are bitten while working in banana plantations

Desert death adder
Long fangs, big venom glands, and a very fast strike make this adder one of the deadliest snakes in Australia. However, since not many people live in its desert habitat, it claims very few victims.

Monocled cobra
Like all cobras, this South Asian snake tries to scare off its enemies with a threat display. But if that fails, it will bite, injecting a deadly venom.

Saw-scaled viper
Its habit of lying near where people live means that this small Asian viper is often stepped on. As a result, it bites and kills thousands of people each year.

Tiger snake
The tiger snakes of southern Australia and Tasmania live in coastal regions and wetlands. Their venom is as deadly as that of a cobra.

Eastern brown snake
Its extremely toxic venom makes this the most dangerous Australian snake, but most of its victims recover if they are treated with antivenom in time.

Snake venom is a nightmare cocktail of poisons that might have been cooked up by a mad scientist. It is basically saliva, laced with powerful digestive juices that break down the tissues of the snake’s prey. In the most venomous snakes, the mixture has been refined into a lethal weapon, used for both hunting and defense.

Types of venom
The toxins in snake venom work in different ways. Some attack the victim’s blood or muscles, while others paralyze its nervous system. Each type of snake has its own toxic recipe.


BOOMSLANG
Equipped with fangs in the rear of its mouth, this African tree snake has a powerful venom that stops its victim’s blood from clotting, so it bleeds to death.

RATTLESNAKE
A rattlesnake is a type of viper, with a hemotoxic venom that causes massive bleeding and destroys flesh. It slows the blood circulation, causing the symptoms of shock.

TAIPAN
The taipan has the most deadly venom of any land snake. It kills very quickly by attacking the nervous system and paralyzing the bite victim’s breathing.

SEA SNAKE
A sea snake needs extremely potent venom to stop its prey from escaping. It is myotoxic, paralyzing the victim’s muscles. Luckily, sea snakes rarely bite.

BLACK MAMBA
Strong enough to kill an elephant, black mamba venom attacks the nervous system and  heart muscle with rapid, deadly effect.

INDIAN COBRA
Like most cobras, this one has a neurotoxic venom that spreads through the body and can kill by paralyzing the nerves that control breathing.

Scary fangs Venomous snakes inject their victims
using fangs—special teeth designed to puncture fl esh before channeling venom into the prey.
HOW FANGS WORK
When a rattlesnake is resting, its sharp fangs are folded back. When it gapes its mouth open, the fangs hinge forward, so the snake can use them to stab its victim. The muscles surrounding the venom glands then contract to squirt highly toxic venom through the fangs. The venom targets blood and internal organs, causing intense pain and vomiting.

BOOMSLANG
Most venomous snakes have long, hollow fangs that inject venom. But a “rear-fanged” snake like the boomslang has simpler ones near the back of its mouth that just bite into the victim, allowing toxic saliva to flow into the wounds.

RATTLESNAKE
Found in the United States, the eastern diamondback rattlesnake is the largest species of rattlesnake and has a highly venomous bite. When in danger, it shakes a rattle on the end of its tail to scare off predators.

PIT VIPER
Like all pit vipers, the two-striped forest pit viper has heat-detecting pits located in between its eyes and nostrils. It’s responsible for many of the recorded snake bites in the Amazon rainforest.

PUFF ADDER
Found in the rocky grasslands of Africa, this species of viper is usually active at night, when it ambushes unsuspecting prey.

BLACK MAMBA
This relative of the cobras has shorter fangs than a rattlesnake or viper, but they are just as effective. It’s probably the deadliest species on the planet.

VENOM
Scientists “milk” snakes for their venom, which is then injected into a sheep to collect antibodies created by the sheep’s immune system. These are used to create antivenoms to combat the effects of a snakebite. These usually work extremely well, provided the victim gets treated quickly enough.

MOST DANGEROUS SEA CREATURES

MOST DANGEROUS SEA CREATURES
From aggressive fish with a mouthful of teeth, to the most venomous marine animal, here are 8 sea creatures you should watch out for!

8. Titan Triggerfish
There's a misconception when swimming in the ocean that it's "obvious" which creatures will attack you and which ones won't. Like the Titan Triggerfish. Take a look at it. What do you think? Looks like a pretty regular fish right? Exactly! Plus, if you do a little research on Triggerfish as a species, they're actually pretty friendly fish, but this one is in a league of its own, and not in a good way. The Titan Triggerfish are wired to be very territorial, and as such, they'll go to great lengths in order to protect what is theirs. So you have to be careful if they’re in a bad mood!! They can grow to about a foot in length, and use their teeth to attack anyone or anything that they think is an “intruder". And they can be quite vicious too, because their teeth are incredibly sharp, and their jaws can clamp down with a ton of force. They can be found in most of the Indo-Pacific and usually are shy around divers. But if its reproductive season and divers are lurking around their nests, all bets are off. They're so territorial and protective that they've been known to attack divers who come anywhere close to their homes. And experienced divers look out for these fish whenever they go close to their reefs because their bite can be toxic and cause paralysis. Good news is, they like to attack the colorful parts like fins, which helps reduce the risk of personal injury. However, some unlucky divers have been knocked out cold!

7. Flower Urchin
While some creatures might look like harmless plants, be careful because appearances can be deceiving!! The flower urchin looks like a nice little bouquet of flowers, and it is one of the most frequently encountered sea urchins. Which is not that great because these echinoderms know how to attack when the time is right! There are spines sticking out of their “flowers" which are anything but decorative. The flower urchin is the “World’s Most Venomous” sea urchin and if their venom gets into your body, you're in for a very rough ride. The venom is known to causes spasms in humans, and that's just the beginning. You can also get convulsions, suffer from drowning, go through shock, get paralyzed, and yes, you can also die. And it doesn't take much to get the venom in you, all it takes is the tiniest contact with your bare skin. Flower Urchins have caused many deaths over the years, and this has made them infamous among divers. Good news is that sea urchins are defensive creatures, they aren’t trying to hurt you on purpose so if you do get jabbed, it’s most likely your fault. Just trust me, and don't go near this thing. And now for number 6, but first can you name the most venomous marine animal? Let us know your answer in the comments below! The answer is coming up! And if you are new here, welcome, and be sure to subscribe so you don’t miss out on the latest videos!!

6. Eels
Eels are special creatures, and there are many different types of them living underneath the waters. And many you need to be careful of. Some just like to strike, but others, like the Electric Eel, like to just send a shock through your system. The Electric Eel is a creature that can well and truly charge itself up for an attack, and given that you're most likely underwater when you meet this creature, it means the attack is all the more potent. The cells within their bodies build up electrolytes, and when they build up about 6000 of them, they can release a 600-volt charge into an enemy. They also emit a low-level charge that they use like radar. Plus they can grow up to 8 feet long! Eels can be very hostile, and they have been known to attack humans at times. And 600 volts to a human can do some serious damage, not the least of which is stopping your heart flat. So if you see an eel, swim the other way! Just in case!

5. Barracuda
Barracuda are pretty recognizable fish. Not only does it get a bad rap because it killed Nemo’s family, but also because of it’s razor sharp teeth and long shiny body. Of all the different types of Barracuda, the Great Barracuda is the most impressive. After all, it has the name "Great" in it. This creature can be up to six feet long, which is pretty menacing on its  own, but its trademark is its speed. It cuts through water like a bullet does through air. It'll race towards anything and either slam into it, or bite it with its teeth, which as you can see are numerous, and razor sharp! In reality barracudas are not the most dangerous creature you will encounter but they have a very bad reputation. There have been about 25 reported attacks in the last 100 years, so why are they so scary? Because they are dangerous by design! They are often accused of attacking humans, even when they're not provoked. They are attracted to shiny objects because it looks like the reflection of a fish belly. Always avoid wearing any jewelry while diving!! Some divers and snorkelers have been attacked around their head as the barracuda tries to get to the object. They'll strike at them like they stole something. They might also mistake white, pale skin for fish skin. They will often get into fights with people fishing with spears as they try to get to the kill. There are even reports of Barracudas jumping out of the ocean to attack people on boats. They’re not scared of anything! And they’re kind of mean.

4. Pufferfish
There are many fish in the oceans that scare people away, but for entirely different reasons. While an eel or a barracuda is a physical threat, a Pufferfish is a threat inside and out. On the outside, the Puffer Fish has plenty of spines, and if threatened, such as when a human approaches it, it'll fill itself with water and even air, to make it look much larger than before. It’s more of a death sentence if you try to swallow it, but actually I think it’s kind of cute. Then, there's what's on the inside. Mainly, poison, lots of it. While many creatures have poison in them, it's usually located to a central area, like how snakes have venom in their fangs and can have them milked without harming the meat inside. For Pufferfish though, some species have poison all over their entire bodies. Tetrodotoxin to be exact which is 1200 times more poisonous than cyanide. There is enough toxin in one pufferfish to kill 30 adult humans. And there is no known antidote. Selling Pufferfish meat is outlawed in most countries, for our own good. Why? Well, it's because though you can get rid of poison in meat, the Pufferfish has it so completely intertwined with its being that if you fail in any way to get the poison all out, you will die. Currently, the only places that serve Puffer Fish are Japan, China, and Korea. Known as fugu, it is only prepared by licensed chefs who are specifically trained to handle Pufferfish. Even so, there are several deaths annually.

3. Stingray
The Stingray is one creature that everyone should fear and respect. While their attacks are rare, they do happen, and like some other creatures on this list, they’re not afraid of attacking when they feel provoked. The most famous case of a Stingray attack was the strike and killing of beloved zookeeper and animal conservationist Steve Irwin, aka the Crocodile Hunter. Irwin was underwater doing some filming for a show that was going to be called "Ocean's Deadliest", he was also going to film some footage for his daughter Bindi, who had a show herself. Irwin was famous for his ability to read a situation and interact with animals, and according to his crew, he gave the Stingray in question plenty of room. Irwin was just trying to get a shot of the Stingray swimming away from the camera. However, as he did so, the Stingray became defensive, and started flailing its tail around, and when it did, one strike caught Irwin in the heart. He quickly pulled it out, which was maybe the worst thing he could do. Despite the quick actions of his crew, Irwin passed away. It was very much a freak accident because you can be struck by a stingray barb and survive. But the barb slipped in between Irwin's rib cage. It’s hard to survive a direct hit to the heart. Rays also have venom in their barbs, which is not necessarily fatal, but it hurts a lot. It has enzymes and seratonin which make your muscles severly contract. Heat breaks down the venom and can limit the amount of damage. But if you are stung by an internal organ, your chances of survival will plummet.

2. Sharks
You don’t need me to tell you about sharks! While you can argue that sharks have always been feared, it was "Jaws" that helped bring the hysteria of sharks attacking humans to life. Which is actually kind of ironic, as most shark species DON'T attack humans, even when provoked. Shark attacks are actually pretty low when you look at statistics from around the world. But still, just because they don't attack a lot, doesn't mean they don't attack at all. And when they do attack, it makes worldwide news. Once one attack happens, everyone seems to freak out! Others get scared of the water, and I’m sure you’ve likely heard of one shark bite story or another. So the question is, what shark species attack humans the most? Well, that would be Great White Sharks, Tiger Sharks, and Bull Sharks. But that doesn't mean that's the order of most attacks animal. Great White Sharks are the most infamous sharks on the planet, thanks to Jaws, but the Tiger and Bull are just as fearsome, and arguably more aggressive than their Great White brethren. In fact, more people are killed by dogs than by Great White Sharks every year. Still though, these sharks are known to attack people, whether it be for territory, for food, or just basic animal instinct. As always though, we are way more of a threat to them, then they are to us.

1. Box Jellyfish
Surprised? I know it may seem like sharks are the obvious answer for dangerous sea creatures, but when it comes to the Box Jellyfish, it's a whole other story. Answer: According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Australian box jellyfish is the most venomous marine animal. The Box Jellyfish lives in the Indo-Pacific region and northern Australia. As such, more people are killed in Australia by the Jellyfish than snakes,  sharks and crocodiles...combined! How is this possible? Well, one part is the location. As noted, they live in the coastal waters of Australia and many people are out and about swimming. The Box Jellyfish have about 60 tentacles on their body, and each of them can extend to about 15 feet long. Which means you don't even have to be close to the head of it for the creature to kill you. Each tentacle! 60 times 50, you do the math! (Also watch out for the Irukandji jellyfish!) Many people also die in the Philippines from box jellyfish stings, as well as Indonesia but they are not required to have death certificates so data is hard to get. No matter what way you look at it, these creatures are deadly, and their toxins can wreak havoc on the toughest of creatures. Also I have bad news for you, they are are starting to be found in other parts of the ocean, including the coast of the US. While it might not be something we need to worry about, you never know what the consequences will be as the ocean waters get warmer.